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Biology Simulations
PhotosynthesisA-level

Non-cyclic photophosphorylation

How does light energy become ATP and reduced NADP?

Follow light-excited electrons through two photosystems and see a proton gradient power ATP synthesis.

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The photophosphorylation lab showing photosystems and electron carriers across the thylakoid membrane.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylationView from the simulation

Look closer.

  1. Follow photolysis, electron replacement and electron transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I.
  2. Connect proton accumulation in the thylakoid lumen with ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis.
  3. Change light, proton leakage, ATP synthase activity and NADP availability to investigate the outputs.